The 1930 Triple Crown Winner- A Photographic Essay

Gallant Fox, pictured here with jockey Earl Sande and trainer James “Sunny Jim” Fitzsimmons (pictured in the fedora) after winning the Kentucky Derby in 1930. The “Fox of Belair” captured not only the Kentucky Derby, but the Preakness and Belmont Stakes to become the second horse in history at the time to sweep all three races.
(Photo courtesy of The Blood-Horse)


The story of horse racing’s 1930 Triple Crown winner, Gallant Fox, really begins at the Belair Stud. Owner William Woodward, Sr. bred the champion and brought the horse to his Bowie, MD farm from Kentucky when Gallant Fox was 6 months old. Belair has a long and storied history of producing notable racehorses.
(Photo, courtesy of the author, was taken at the Belair Stable Museum, Bowie, MD.)



Gallant Fox went to the track carrying the Belair’s colors of white jacket, red polka dots, red cap. Pictured is a set of actual “silks” worn by one of Belair’s jockeys.
(Photo, courtesy of the author, was taken at the Belair Stable Museum, Bowie, MD.)



Gallant Fox was stabled in the south stable at Belair, seen here.
(Photo, courtesy of the author, was taken at the Belair Stable Museum, Bowie, MD.)


Inside the very stall in which Gallant Fox was stabled, a plaque now hangs commemorating the champion’s accomplishments. It reads “Gallant Fox by *Sir Gallahad III- Marguerite. Bay colt foaled March 23, 1927 was raised in this box and the adjacent paddocks. Winner of the Flash, Junior Champion, Wood Memorial, Preakness, Kentucky Derby, the Dwyer, the Classic, Saratoga Cup, Lawrence Realization, Jockey Club Gold Cup, the Belmont Stakes. A total of $340,415 in Stakes and Cups making him the biggest winner of all times of the world. But seriously speaking, the Fox of Belair, is the greatest and dearest of Thoroughbreds rare. He’s a Champion for sure, the head of the Clan. As kindly and great as great-hearted man.”

(Photo, courtesy of the author, was taken at the Belair Stable Museum, Bowie, MD.)

Part II.

The experience of finding photos for this essay was not difficult simply because of the subject matter I chose to display. I am currently developing the website for the Belair Stable Museum for the class project. Because the Museum is open, I was able to go through and take not only these photos, but other pictures depicting the history of the Belair Stable. In addition, the curator for the City of Bowie has digitized close to 1000 images of Belair, ranging from its Thoroughbred racehorses to general farm life. According to the curator, use of the photos on an educational website should fall under “fair use”-hence no fees or copyright issues. And because the Museum’s exhibits are in the public domain, they are permitted to be photographed. My only concern with this photo essay involved the black and white photo from The Blood-Horse magazine, the weekly national report of Thoroughbred racing. Many of the photographs in past issues are credited to photographer Charles Christian Cook, who largely concentrated on Eastern, Midwestern, and Southern racing from 1901-51. The Keeneland Library in Lexington, Kentucky, the repository for most horse racing photographic and print media, generally attributes Cook photographs to Keeneland-Cook, but there is an inconsistency as to whether all of the Cook photographs are copyrighted material. Because I will have access to the City of Bowie’s collection of photographs of Gallant Fox, I believe that I will avoid copyright issues on my website. For this assignment, however, I obtained a copy of the black and white Blood-Horse photograph from the Bowie Public Library’s file collection on Belair Stable. This particular photograph did not credit a photographer, though I assume it is a Cook, and did not appear to be copyrighted. I took a gamble that I was not breaking copyright by posting this photo to my blog.

I conducted a general Google Image search for “Gallant Fox.” Several of the more popular images of him are displayed in the top five hits. However, none of the sites give credit for the photos nor display any copyright information. Photographs of Gallant Fox are at least 78 years old, so perhaps the statute of limitation on many of them has long since expired.

A little encouragement for the start of the 2008 Red Sox season (as if they needed any!)

Dot Com History of Valentine's Day

Every year since we were little girls, my Dad has given both my sister and I a chocolate heart and a card on February 14th. The card is always witty or humorous, just like Dad, and is always signed “Happy Valentine’s Day. Love, Dad.” The chocolate heart is always the same every year: four little pieces of candy in a small, heart-shaped box. Very sweet. I wondered what compelled my father, and countless other men, to purchase items such as these to “celebrate” a holiday in the middle of February. Why February14? Where did this Valentine’s Day come from, with its red hearts, candy and cards? Why don’t people just give money instead, which I would have preferred over the diet-killing chocolate? (Here’s a hint for next year Dad!) For this assignment, armed only with a Google search engine and my four pieces of chocolate, I went in search of the history of Valentine’s Day.

The origins of this “lovely” holiday are not exactly clear. Some claim that Valentine’s Day dates back to the Middle Ages when the feast was called Lupercalia, an ancient Roman pagan fertility celebration held on February 15. According to University of Notre Dame Professor Lawrence Cunningham, women would write love letters, known as billets, and place them in a large urn. A man would randomly draw a note from the urn and pursue the woman who had written the letter.[1] Another variation on Lupercalia claims that Roman priests, members of the order of Luperci, sacrificed a goat and a dog, sliced the goat hide into strips, dipped the strips in the blood and went around slapping both women and crops with the goat hide.[2] The goat hide was known as Februa, derived from the Latin Februatio for the “act of lashing with a sacred thong,” or goat hide.[3] Far from being horrified by the spectacle, women actually hoped they would be slapped with the goat hide because they believed it would make them more fertile in the coming year.

But the pagan connection was too distasteful for Pope Gelasius. In 496 A.D., he decided to Christianize the holiday in honor of St. Valentine, a young Roman martyred by Emperor Claudius II on February 14, 270 C.E. for his Christian beliefs.[4] According to folklore, right before he died, the jailed Valentine wrote a note to his jailer’s daughter, whom he had become enamored of, and signed it “from your Valentine.” But the identity of Valentine is also shrouded in mystery. According to www.hersheys.com, a Saint Valentine of Rome and a Saint Valentine of Terni, both known for their loving and compassionate acts, were martyred on the same day, February 14, leading to speculation that these two men were actually the same man. The Catholic Church, however, recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus who were martyred on the same day![5]

The goat hide and martyred Valentine not withstanding, other scholars attribute the holiday to renowned bard Geoffrey Chaucer. Henry Ansgar Kelly, director of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at the University of California Los Angeles, and author of “Chaucer and the Cult of St. Valentine,” believes that in 1381, Chaucer was in the midst of composing a poem for Richard II in honor of his engagement to Anne of Bohemia. The engagement was announced on May 3rd. Chaucer discovered that a Saint Valentine had a feast day on May 3rd and penned a poem entitled “The Parliament of Fowls” in honor of the engagement.[6] Chaucer ventured to guess that birds mate on May 3rd. After Chaucer died in 1400, the Valentine’s Day celebration was moved from May to February because “the first songbirds that traditionally warble after a blustery winter tend to debut in mid-February,” according the Kelly.[7] Fifteen years after Chaucer’s death, another imprisoned man, Charles, Duke of Orleans, sent a Valentine’s greeting to his wife from his cell in the Tower of London.[8] By 1660, Charles II officially recognized Valentine’s Day in Great Britain and the printing of greeting cards followed shortly thereafter.

In the United States, Valentine’s Day arrived with the Puritans, but it would be over 100 years before the first Valentine’s Day cards made their debut in American society. In 1847, Ester Howland began mass producing Valentine’s Day cards. Made with real lace, ribbons and leaves, her cards became the “hallmark” (excuse the pun!) of the holiday.[9] The real Hallmark cards, created by the Hall Brothers, appeared for their first Valentine’s Day in 1913.[10] But where did Ms. Howland and the Hall Brothers come up with the idea for heart-shaped cards? As far back as the 12th century, the medical community believed that the heart was the source for love and affection in the human body, although a human heart is not exactly shaped in the traditional sense of a heart as is known today. The Valentine’s Day heart derived from a doodle that was supposed to represent a human female’s buttocks or a well-endowed female torso according to interpretations of the doodle![11] Flowers had a less risqué association with the holiday. It seems as though Charles II of Sweden brought the “language of flowers” to Europe. Flowers such as lilacs and lilies represented some form of affection, but the rose became the symbol of love.[12]

Last, but certainly not least, conversation candy hearts have been a tradition associated with Valentine’s Day since the American Civil War. The hearts originally had printed paper notes tucked inside with poetic inscriptions such as “please send a lock of your hair by return mail.”[13] Ah yes, NECCO Sweethearts Conversation Hearts have been the Cyrano for lovers for years. The candy was first factory-made in 1902 and bore such familiar phrases as “Kiss Me” and “Be Mine.”[14] However, Walter Marshall, a retired NECCO vice president, admits that coming up with love-based slogans for the candy is much more of a challenge than people think. As the candy comes in either ½ inch or ¾ inch, two words ranging in length from four to six letters is all there is room for. (I guess “Dad Need Money” would not fit on one heart!) However, thanks to the age of text messages and email with their abbreviated vernacular, phrases such as “EZ 2 Luv” are helping to replace the old, worn-out “Be Mine.”[15]

Although the history of Valentine’s Day has a somewhat interesting past with its bloodied goat hide, imprisoned and martyred men, butt doodles and “Be Mine” candies, rest assured, the holiday is indeed still popular. And while I know why “75% of chocolate purchases are made by women all year long,” it is not so much of a mystery now why “during the days and minutes before Valentine’s Day, 75% of the chocolate purchases are made by men.”[16] Dad, next year, leave a $20!


II. Commentary on the Experience

For this assignment, I must admit that I was not terribly concerned with the accuracy of the information I was obtaining online. Because I was barred from the safety of JSTOR and credible academic sources I am used to consulting for historical information, I was actually looking for, and expecting, outlandish renditions of the history of Valentine’s Day. That is not to say that I did not take the assignment seriously. It would have been out of character for me had I not. But knowing that the World Wide Web is a font of less-than-credible information in some instances, I was ready to accept whatever the Google search yielded. Surprisingly, the sites that I visited all told the same tale of the history of Valentine’s Day in one form or another. All of the sites mentioned a martyred Saint Valentine and the Roman feast of Lupercalia. The site reporting that the origins of the Valentine heart derived from a doodle of a behind or a well-endowed female torso was just too comical to exclude from my narrative. I included references from www.history.com and www.cnn.com because I thought they were interesting and perhaps a bit more accurate than www.howstuffworks.com. As of yet, I still have not consulted JSTOR or ProQuest to find the “real” history of Valentine’s Day, so I do not know if the web sites I found were fairly accurate. This assignment demonstrates the vulnerability of people to information they find on the web. Taken at face value, what is online can be believed as the absolute truth. I am more inclined to think, however, that news sites such as www.washingtonpost.com or www.nytimes.com are posting factual pieces. But private sites, such as www.brownielocks.com, are in more of a position to dissuade. Anything can be posted online, truthful or not, by someone with a web site. I stayed away from Wikipedia because I have no faith in the accuracy of the information contained on that site. I hate to sound like an internet snob, but credentials count. Seeing is not always believing!

Camelot on the Web

In the two weeks since Senator Edward Kennedy (D-MA) evoked the images of Camelot in his endorsement speech of presidential candidate Barack Obama at American University, all-things JFK seem to be back in vogue. The spirit, the ideas, and the forward-looking vision of the 35th President of the United States have been resurrected in the hopes of inspiring American voters. Undoubtedly, the notion of the Kennedy era reminded baby boomers of a time when antiquated President Eisenhower was replaced by a youthful-looking politician who believed anything was possible and motivated young adults into public service. But for a whole new generation of Americans, born post-1970s, John F. Kennedy is as far removed from them as the ancient Greeks. Yet there is a place where John F. Kennedy lives on, where the Kennedy mystique is in the air and the promise of his administration still exists. This place is the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts.

The purpose of the Library is to house the historical record of the Kennedy administration. From documents, photographs and audio-taped conversations between the President and his staff, the Kennedy Library is a treasure trove for researchers. For the general public, whose interest in JFK is driven less by the thrill of primary source documents, the Museum displays the more popular images of the story of John F. Kennedy: his childhood through his service in World War II, his terms in Congress, his campaign for the presidency, the highlights of his administration and his assassination. The entire Kennedy Library and Museum complex is also an attraction for its beautiful location as much as for its contents. Situated on a ten-acre park overlooking the sea a few miles south of downtown Boston, the campus is delightful. In order for researchers and visitors alike to obtain information on the Library and Museum, www.jfklibrary.org was created. For this assignment, I reviewed the web site. I have visited the Library and Museum several times, both as a researcher and as a tourist and in my opinion, the JFK Library and Museum has by far one of the best presidential library sites in cyberspace. I will explain why.

The splash page, with its audio excerpt from President Kennedy’s inaugural speech, gives way to a home page divided into three separate categories: historical resources, basic information about the Library and Museum, and education and public programs. Each category has been assigned a different color. The historical resources box is a moss green, the basic information category is a shade of orange and the educational box is a washed blue. The Historical Resources category is the gateway to information on Library holdings, research policies and procedures and historical people and events associated with the Kennedy administration. The holdings are arranged alphabetically by individual, with the series and the contents of each box given. A researcher who clicks on the link for Arthur Schlesinger, Jr’s 1939-1989 papers, for example, will learn that the folder containing working papers on the Test Ban Treaty is located in Box WH-20. This is an extremely useful and time-saving breakdown. The Finding Aids save the researcher from combing through boxes that may be irrelevant to their research. If I could make one suggestion, though, to further enhance the user-friendliness of the pages of Library holdings, it would be to request that a .pdf of the holdings for each individual’s papers be provided. Currently, printing the pages out requires switching from portrait to landscape, and in a plain text format there are an abundance of pages that print out. The presentation of the Historical Resources pages is simple: black text on a plain white background. I feel that the simplicity of this design does not detract from the data being presented by cluttering up the pages with pictures or a background image.

At the top of every page is a tool bar listing the same categories found on the home page. Among the features along the bottom of every web page are the functions to search and the site map. The site map is quite comprehensive and laid out in tree format. Again, against a plain white background, the text does not get lost amid a plethora of images. One of the most unique aspects of the web site, and the one that made me want to visit, is the virtual tour of the Museum. This feature, found either along the bottom of any page or by clicking on “Virtual Museum Tour” under the Basic Information category, opens up a separate window. Visitors immediately see images of the introductory film that is shown in the Museum auditorium and can hear John F. Kennedy talking about the various events in his life: his childhood, his experience in World War II and his decision to go into politics. Along the bottom of the window are the different slides that can be clicked on to transport visitors to a different part of the tour. Audio accompanies every stage of the virtual tour so visitors get a truly “Kennedy” experience as opposed to having a narrator describe what is being displayed.

The Library and the Museum are concerned with educating about the life, leadership and legacy of President Kennedy. Under the “Education and Public Programs” category are the links for students, teachers, information on the Library Forums and the two awards that are given out each year by the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation. The web site’s audience ranges from scholars interested in conducting research to teachers planning a field trip to the Museum. There is something for everyone on this web site and visitors are never lost or forced to continuously click the “back” button in the hopes of escaping.

The virtual tour of the Museum is just one of the many examples of the Library and Museum’s desire to be on the cutting edge of technology. Other high-tech features include podcasts of speeches by, and videos of, President Kennedy, and the White House Diary. The Diary gives visitors a snippet of the President’s schedule for any given day during his administration. On a day in which the President addressed the nation on radio and television, a small video of the event is launched in the lower left section of the diary. I believe this feature gives the viewer a more historical sense of the Kennedy administration. The dates have some significance rather than being merely abstract pages in an appointment book. The use of the multi-media is simple enough to add that essence of history yet reserved enough not to be intrusive and distract from the entire image of the Diary. For any given day, viewers can also click on the “View Appointments” link to obtain the President’s schedule for that day, making the White House Diary both interactive and educational.

With so much to offer, www.jfklibrary.org is a wonderful and user-friendly web site. “And so my fellow citizens, ask not what you can do for technology. Ask what technology can do for you!”

History on the Web

For this assignment, we were asked to visit four history-related web sites. Of the four, I must admit that I had heard of only two of them: The History Channel web site and the National Museum of American History web site. I have been to these two sites in the past, but had never contemplated their approach to history on the Internet. I think this is because of the age in which we live. Everything is digital and literally available at the click of a button. I envision that there will come a time when historians will not have to physically go to the Archives for their research because all of the primary source documents they are seeking will be available online, perhaps in .pdf format. There are both positive and negative implications to the digital age. On the positive side, a historian (or starving grad student like myself) whose archive of interest is across the country will never have to incur the costs associated with traveling to sources. Sitting before one’s own computer in Washington, D.C., the archives of the Hoover Institute in Palo Alto, California are simply a click away, as opposed to a six-hour plane ride for six-hundred dollars. In addition, research time will be virtually cut in half, allowing for a quicker output of scholarly literature. On the downside, historians, especially young up-and-coming scholars, may become too dependent on technology and unprepared if confronted with actual hard copies or books. I see it everyday on my job in a large law firm in Washington. Newly-hired law school graduates are so trained to find their case law online that when they are forced to venture into our law library, they have a “deer-in-the-headlights” look about them. It is quite amusing, but also rather sad. The danger for new historians lies in a potential lack of archival research skills.

However, the study of history is not just primary source documents. History can be tourism dollars and general revenue. The subject of history may also be elevated to the status of “my favorite subject” by grade school students, who generally offer recess and lunch as their favorite subjects in school. With both pros and cons in mind, I visited these four history-related web sites.

I will start with the commercial sites first. As previously noted, I have been to www.historychannel.com before. To be honest, I am not a fan of the History Channel itself. The nature of their programs leave a lot to be desired in terms of history as far as I am concerned. I do not think that all-day marathons on UFO sightings and investigating the existence of Bigfoot constitute good history. The web site, therefore, did not disappoint in terms of its content. For one thing, it is too reliant on videos for my taste. A video would launch on just about every page I clicked on whether or not I wanted to see it. This site was undoubtedly designed for main stream Americans or high school student who simply want “highlights” of historical events and who would easily become bored if forced to read an abundance of text. In addition, historical time periods are not easily found and there are no links to documents, and simply no links period. The web designers probably hoped their site would be “one stop shopping” for all things history, including DVDs of the videos that perpetually pop up on every page. If I misplaced my TV Guide and wanted to know whether yet another UFO show would be on the History Channel on a particular night, I would probably visit this site. Also, if I was a secondary school teacher trying to excite my students, or at least hold their interest in a class, I might employ this web site in my class. This site represents a more new-aged, multimedia approach to history.

Likewise, www.americanhistory.si.edu/index.cfm does exactly what it is supposed to do: inform the general public about the museum. Even though admission to the museum is free, tourism generates revenue. The Smithsonian Institution wants tourists and school groups to come to Washington, D.C. to their museum. The museum Gift Shop sells “historical” souvenirs, the cafeteria sells lunch and the more visitors the museum can attract, the more numbers they have to show to Congress when it comes time to carving out their slice of the federal budget. I do think the link for educators is invaluable because it encourages teachers to make history fun and educational for students. In addition, visiting the museum itself is “hands on history.” A Civil War-era rifle is abstract unless one can actually see it up close. The museum encourages, and in fact depends on, this concept of history. One drawback for me is that the web site does not link to any additional history-related sites. Nevertheless, the site itself is relatively well-done and I am looking forward to a new and improved web site to match the newly renovated museum.

The third web site, www.dohistory.org/ starts to venture into the realm in which I am most comfortable: primary source documents. Created by Film Study Center, Harvard University, and hosted by Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, the site introduces students to the process of historical research. The topic of the web site is Martha Ballad, a diarists and mid-wife from the eighteenth-century. I had never heard of her before and must admit that I was intrigued by the thought that her diary had been transcribed. The transcribers did a wonderful job, as their transcription and explanation for decoding the diary are very helpful. Most likely, this web site was designed with high school and undergraduate students in mind. The link to the History Toolkit simplifies the process and the importance of using primary sources, avoiding the technical and overly-scholarly sounding vernacular that is often associated with the study of history. This web site is indicative of the times, as an eighteenth-century source is digitized, utilized and interpreted while the actual physical specimen is preserved. The web site also serves as an example of history coming to the historian. High school students in Texas, for example, are exposed to historical documents located in the Maine State Library. History is literally at one’s fingertips.

I have saved the best web site for last. www.valley.vcdh.virginia.edu is an incredible web site! I had never been to this site before, but was quite impressed with everything on it. From the layout to the web site’s contents, this site is indicative of the future. So many primary sources are available, searchable and printable! One aspect of this site stood out from the other three web sites. Whereas the Smithsonian’s web site was probably designed by the multimedia department or perhaps a public relations firm, The Valley of the Shadows web site was designed by upper-level graduate students and historians and targeted towards the serious scholar. The site exudes a professionalism not seen in the other 3 sites. The site is navigable, searchable and informative without overwhelming the scholar. Historians William Thomas and Edward Ayers acknowledge that “networked information resources have come to play a large role in the work of historians; most of us have become accustomed to augmenting our library research and professional discussion through digital means.” As technology advances and more documents are digitized, historians will not simply augment their library research through digital discussions, but will come to rely more and more on digital resources for scholarship.

Blogging the Nation

Hello Nats and Orioles fans! This is a member of Red Sox Nation speaking! But I am not just another fan. I would label myself as slightly obsessed with Red Sox baseball. As the daughter of a softball Hall of Famer, my affinity for the sport is genetic, so my addiction is not entirely my own fault. I will spare you the thousands of reasons for my devotion to the Red Sox. Two World Series championships in the last three years speak for themselves and there is no disputing which team is the best in baseball. My Red Sox wall calendar tells me there is less than a month before the start of spring training, so I am oiling my glove, pressing my replica player’s jersey and counting the days until the official start of the ‘ol ballgame.

In the meantime, I am keeping up with the latest team news from the official web site of the Red Sox as well as through the Boston Globe. Red Sox Nation is also full of bloggers, diehard fans like me who cannot bear to be separated from their beloved team even during the off-season. Among the Red Sox faithful who enjoys staying connected to cyber-fans is Red Sox right-handed pitcher Curt Schilling. He is the creator of 38pitches.com, a blog he started to raise awareness of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease, and Malignant Melanoma, of which his wife Shonda is a survivor. The blog also serves as a forum for Red Sox and baseball fans as well as computer gamers. The blog is aptly named, as Schilling wears number thirty-eight for the Red Sox. Schilling is also one of the more outspoken members of the Red Sox organization. Where fellow players remain silent on issues unless asked for their opinion by the media, Schilling comments on what is happening in his life, the game of baseball and the world at large. The blog has allowed him to put his opinions into writing and gives fans the opportunity to respond. He is passionate about his family, his profession and his philanthropic causes, so without a doubt, the blog reflects his views on the things that are important to him. He invites readers to comment on his postings and even to disagree with him. The opportunity to “speak” to Curt Schilling through the medium of the blog is pretty thrilling to this Red Sox fan!

In the past week, I have been following 38pitches.com a little closer than usual in order to determine whether the site makes a good “pitch,” or throws a curve ball that leaves readers guessing. To begin with, the layout of the blog makes it a user-friendly site, as tabs at the top of the page link to separate pages about the blog, Schilling’s philanthropies and his newly-created 38 Studios, an entertainment and game development company that Schilling hopes to advance further in his life after baseball. Along the side of the homepage are the categories for Schilling’s postings: 38 Studios; Baseball; Family; Games; General; Life; Sports; and Websites. “General” and “Life” seem to house the same postings, however, and I am not sure what the purpose is for two identical categories. In addition, the blog is enhanced by an Archive dating back to March 2007. Readers who want to relive the glories of the 2007 Red Sox season can revisit Schilling’s posts in order to get the right-hander’s perspective.

The blog is not updated daily by Schilling. He does not have a desk job that allows him to comment regularly as a journalist might be able to. With spring training followed by a 25-week season, Schilling is a busy man, although he does admit that he finds it easier to post on the road than when the Red Sox are playing at home in Boston. While this reader would like daily updates, I can appreciate the complexity of Schilling’s schedule and savor the comments he is able to post, especially during the regular season. Given the busy state of Schilling’s life, the blog is surprisingly well written. I must admit that when I first got on the site, I was skeptical as to whether the postings were actually authored by Schilling. He has enough money and enough of an entourage to allow for a ghost-written blog. But taking into account his penchant for speaking his mind to the media, I figured Schilling would also do as much on his blog. The postings do read like someone more comfortable with the spoken word rather than the written word and lack the polish of a professional writer. The posts are simply Schilling being Schilling. And, the ease with which commentators can post their own comments to a Schilling post via WordPress account makes this blog a home run to this devoted fan!

GO RED SOX!!